Heat Pipes: Selection and Maintenance Recommendations for Ideal Heat Distribution

The Importance of Heating Pipes

Heating pipes are essential elements that ensure homes, offices, and other spaces are warm and comfortable during winter months. Their importance can be explained by the following points:

1. Efficient Heat Distribution
   Heating pipes distribute energy from the heat source (boiler, combi, or central heating system) evenly to all parts of the space. This reduces temperature differences between rooms and creates a unified heating environment.

2. Reduction of Energy Consumption
   High-quality and properly installed heating pipes minimize energy loss. This reduces fuel consumption, allowing families to save on their budgets.

3. Comfort and Health
   When the heating system operates correctly, the humidity level in rooms is regulated, creating a healthy environment. A warm space during cold weather is essential for comfort and helps prevent colds and other illnesses.

4. Long-Lasting and Durable Systems
   Modern heating pipes are made from high-quality materials and are resistant to corrosion, high pressure, and temperature changes. This ensures the system works problem-free for many years.

5. Environmental Cleanliness
   Heating pipes produced with innovative technologies enable more efficient use of energy sources and cause less harm to the environment.

Types of Underfloor Heating Pipes

Underfloor heating systems are widely used and effective in modern heating technology. The pipes used in these systems have special technical characteristics and ensure even heat distribution. Below are the main types of pipes used for underfloor heating:

1. PEX (Cross-Linked Polyethylene) Pipes

   • Features:
     • Flexible and resistant to high temperatures.
     • Resistant to chemicals and corrosion.
     • Long-lasting and easy to install.
   • Application: Frequently used in floor heating systems to ensure uniform heat distribution.

2. PEX-AL-PEX (Polyethylene-Aluminum-Polyethylene) Pipes

   • Features:
     • The aluminum layer enhances heat conductivity and keeps the pipe’s shape stable.
     • More resistant to high pressure and temperatures.
     • Reduces thermal expansion.
   • Application:
     Used in large areas and systems requiring high temperatures.

3. PB (Polybutylene) Pipes

   • Features:
     • Lightweight and flexible.
     • Resistant to both low and high temperatures.
     • Chemically resistant and suitable for long-term use.
   • Application:
     Widely used in underfloor heating systems in homes and offices.

4. PERT (Polyethylene of Raised Temperature Resistance) Pipes

   • Features:
     • Resistant to high heat and pressure.
     • Easy to install due to its flexible structure.
     • Durable and economically efficient.
   • Application:
     Preferred in small to medium-sized floor heating systems.

5. Copper Pipes

   • Features:
     • Excellent thermal conductivity.
     • Long-lasting and limits bacterial growth.
     • High resistance to physical damage and corrosion.
   • Application:
     Used in luxury facilities and high-quality systems.

6. Polypropylene (PP) Pipes

   • Features:
     • Resistant to chemicals.
     • Lightweight and affordable.
     • Moderately resistant to heat and pressure.
   • Application:
     Used in low-pressure underfloor heating systems.

7. Stainless Steel Pipes

   • Features:
     • Strong and capable of high heat transfer.
     • Aesthetically pleasing.
     • Highly resistant to corrosion.
   • Application:
     Used in industrial facilities and special projects.

Installation of Underfloor Heating Pipes

Installing an underfloor heating system requires a precise technical approach. Proper placement and installation of pipes ensure even heat distribution and guarantee the system’s durability. Below is a step-by-step guide to the installation process:

1. Preparation Phase

   • Cleaning the Surface:
     The floor must first be cleaned of dust, dirt, and other obstacles. The surface must be completely smooth.
   • Placement of Insulation Materials:
     Heat insulation (e.g., polystyrene boards) is placed under the floor to prevent heat loss. This ensures heat is directed only upwards.
   • Edge Insulation Strips:
     Special insulation strips are placed near the walls to prevent the effects of thermal expansion on the walls.

2. Placement of Pipes

   • Planning:
     A system design is prepared before placing the pipes, showing the pipe routes and circuits.
   • Laying the Pipes:
     • Spiral Method: Ensures more even heat distribution.
     • Meander (Snake) Method: Used in small spaces for simpler and quicker installation.
   • Fixing the Pipes:
     Pipes are placed in special channels in the insulation boards or secured with clips. This prevents the pipes from moving.

3. Installation of System Components

   • Installing the Distribution Manifold:
     All pipes are connected to the heat source. The manifold ensures water distribution and temperature regulation in the pipes.
   • Pressure Testing:
     The system undergoes a pressure test with water or air to ensure proper functioning and check for leaks.

4. Pouring the Concrete (Screed)

   • Concrete Layer:
     A special heat-resistant concrete mixture is poured over the pipes. The concrete thickness is usually 5-7 cm.
   • Surface Leveling:
     The surface is completely smoothed after pouring, and time is allowed for the concrete to harden.

5. Final Stage

   • Starting the Heating System:
     Once the concrete is fully hardened, the heating system is activated. Heat should be increased gradually during the initial use to prevent damage to the concrete.
   • Floor Covering:
     Flooring materials like laminate, ceramic, parquet, or other options can be chosen according to preference. These materials should have high heat conductivity.

Main Recommendations:

• Avoid placing pipes too closely or too far apart — the ideal distance is 10-20 cm.
• Use high-quality materials for manifolds and pipes.
• Perform pressure tests before pouring the concrete.
• Use professional installation services for high-quality work.

Maintenance and Durability of Underfloor Heating Pipes

Underfloor heating systems can function reliably for a long time when properly installed and regularly maintained. The durability of these systems depends on the quality of the pipes, the installation process, and adherence to maintenance procedures. Below are recommendations to ensure the maintenance and durability of underfloor heating pipes:

1. Durability of Underfloor Heating Pipes

   • Material Selection:
     When high-quality PEX, PERT, or PEX-AL-PEX pipes are chosen, the system's lifespan can be 50 years or more. These pipes are resistant to chemical and physical influences, as well as high temperatures.
   • Corrosion Resistance:
     Modern heating pipes are equipped with a protective layer against corrosion, which prevents the accumulation of deposits on their inner surface.
   • Temperature and Pressure Compatibility:
     When the pipes operate within the manufacturer’s recommended maximum temperature and pressure values, their durability is increased.
   • Protective Role of the Concrete Layer:
     The concrete layer poured over the pipes protects them from external damage and ensures the system lasts longer.

2. Maintenance of Underfloor Heating Pipes

   • Regular Inspections:
     A regular inspection should be conducted once a year to ensure the system operates normally. It is essential to check the manifold, pressure, and heat distribution.
   • Leak Detection:
     The water level and pressure indicators should be carefully monitored. Unusual changes in pressure could indicate a leak.
   • Cleaning the Pipes:
     After a certain period (usually every 5-7 years), the system should be flushed to clean any accumulated deposits or dirt in the pipes. This improves heat transfer efficiency.
   • Manifold and Valve Inspection:
     The valves, air vent valves, and pressure indicators located in the manifold should be functioning properly. Any malfunctions should be repaired immediately.
   • Cleaning Filters:
     If water filtration systems are used in the heating system, they should also be regularly cleaned or replaced.

3. Recommendations for Ensuring System Longevity

   1. Professional Installation:
      The initial installation should be carried out by professional technicians. Improper installation can lead to early system failure.
   2. Choosing an Appropriate Heat Source:
      The system’s power and heat source should be matched. Excessively high temperatures can damage the pipes.
   3. Avoid Chemical Substances:
      Be cautious when using chemical substances in the system. Incompatible chemicals can damage the inner surface of the pipes.
   4. Pressure Control:
      When the system is activated and operating, it is necessary to maintain the pressure at normal levels. Excessive pressure can damage the pipes.
   5. Insulation and Protection:
      Ensure proper insulation in areas where pipes are installed to minimize heat loss and prevent damage.

Frequently Asked Questions about Underfloor Heating Pipes

How durable are underfloor heating pipes?

• Underfloor heating pipes, when made from high-quality materials, correctly installed, and used properly, can last 50 years or more. Specifically, PEX and PEX-AL-PEX pipes are known for their high durability.

What is the energy consumption of an underfloor heating system?

• These systems consume less energy than traditional radiators because they operate at lower temperatures. Since heat is distributed from the floor, less energy is required to heat the rooms.

How are underfloor heating pipes repaired?

• The system typically requires little maintenance. However, if there is a leak or damage in the pipes, a part of the concrete screed will need to be lifted to address the issue. A pressure test is essential beforehand to prevent leaks.

Can underfloor heating be used with all types of flooring?

• Yes, underfloor heating can be installed under laminate, ceramic, parquet, and even carpet. However, flooring materials with high thermal conductivity should be selected.

Is an underfloor heating system safe for health?

• Yes, the system is completely safe. It does not dry out the air, cause dust to rise, and creates a healthy environment with even heat distribution.

How can the temperature of an underfloor heating system be regulated?

• The temperature of the system is regulated via a distribution manifold. Individual thermostats can be installed for each circuit, allowing for temperature control in different rooms.